Complete Works Compendium

A bibliography of Margaret Hamilton’s published work and related Apollo software documentation. This catalog tracks everything in the archive — whether acquired, located, or still being sought.

Scale of Hamilton’s Output

Hamilton has published over 130 papers, proceedings, and reports across more than 60 projects (Cameron, “First Software Engineer,” IEEE Computer Society, 2018). This archive currently contains a fraction of that output. The majority consists of internal MIT/Draper technical reports from the Apollo era, NASA documentation, and Hamilton Technologies / Higher Order Software white papers and conference proceedings not indexed by academic databases — DBLP, for instance, lists only 10 entries. What follows is what we have been able to locate, acquire, and verify.

Status Key

Status	Meaning
In Archive	PDF acquired, stored in source/, NOTES.md written

All identified publications are currently in the archive. The acquisition pipeline previously used “Located” and “Seeking” states to track progress; those stages have been completed for all known works.

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Journal Articles

These are Hamilton’s peer-reviewed publications in academic journals, spanning from 1976 through 2018. They trace the arc from Higher Order Software through USL and DBTF.

Year	Title	Co-Author(s)	Publisher	DOI	Status
2018	What the Errors Tell Us	—	IEEE Software, 35(5): 32—37	10.1109/MS.2018.290110447	In Archive
2008	Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo	W. R. Hackler	IEEE Computer, 41(12): 34—43	10.1109/MC.2008.541	In Archive
1983	The Functional Life Cycle Model and Its Automation: USE.IT	S. Zeldin	J. Systems & Software, 3(1): 25—62	10.1016/0164-1212(83)90004-3	In Archive
1979	The Relationship Between Design and Verification	S. Zeldin	J. Systems & Software, 1: 29—56	10.1016/0164-1212(79)90004-9	In Archive
1976	Higher Order Software — A Methodology for Defining Software	S. Zeldin	IEEE Trans. Software Eng., 2(1): 9—32	10.1109/TSE.1976.233798	In Archive

Conference Papers

Conference proceedings from 1974 through 2007, covering Higher Order Software, DBTF, and USL applied to systems engineering standards.

Year	Title	Co-Author(s)	Venue	DOI	Status
2007	A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML	W. R. Hackler	INCOSE Int’l Symposium, 17(1): 1333—1357	10.1002/j.2334-5837.2007.tb02952.x	In Archive
2007	Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering	W. R. Hackler	CSER 2007, Stevens Institute, paper #36	—	In Archive
1994	Preventative Software Systems	—	COMPSAC 1994: 410—416	10.1109/CMPSAC.1994.342770	In Archive
1991	Prototyping Distributed Environments with 001	R. Hackler	RSP 1991: 110—111	10.1109/IWRSP.1991.218618	In Archive
1990	001: A Rapid Development Approach for Rapid Prototyping…	W. R. Hackler	RSP 1990: 46—62	10.1109/IWRSP.1990.144033	In Archive
1978	Reliability in Terms of Predictability	S. Zeldin	COMPSAC 1978: 657—662	10.1109/CMPSAC.1978.810516	In Archive
1974	Higher Order Software Techniques Applied to a Space Shuttle Prototype Program	S. Zeldin	Symposium on Programming 1974: 17—32	10.1007/3-540-06859-7_121	In Archive

Presentations

Year	Title	Venue	Status	Source Dir
2012	USL and the 001 Tool Suite (Webinar)	IEEE CS / Lockheed Martin Webinar	In Archive (slides)	hamilton-2012/
2004	The Heart and Soul of Apollo: Doing It Right the First Time	MAPLD Int’l Conference	In Archive (PPT)	hamilton-2004-mapld/

Binary Format

The 2004 MAPLD presentation is a PowerPoint (.ppt) file, not a PDF. Automated text extraction has not been performed. The file requires manual review with a compatible application.

NASA/Government Technical Reports

These are public domain works produced under U.S. government contract. They constitute the primary source material for understanding the Apollo software effort.

Year	Title	Author(s)	Report #	NTRS ID	Status
2019	The Apollo On-Board Flight Software (Part 1)	M. H. Hamilton	—	—	In Archive
2019	The Apollo On-Board Flight Software (Part 2)	M. H. Hamilton	—	—	In Archive
1972	GSOP Colossus 3, Sec. 7: Erasable Memory (CSM)	M. H. Hamilton et al.	R-577-REV-01 / CR-128689	19730007899	In Archive
1972	GSOP Colossus 3, Sec. 7: Erasable Memory (LM)	M. H. Hamilton et al.	—	19720025984	In Archive
1972	Skylark GSOP, Section 2: Data Links	M. H. Hamilton	R-693	19720017954	In Archive
1972	Skylark GSOP, Section 4: Operational Modes	M. H. Hamilton	R-693	19720024991	In Archive
1973	Skylark GSOP, Section 7: Erasable Memory Programs	MIT IL	R-693	—	In Archive
1971	MIT’s Role in Apollo, Vol. 5: The Software Effort	M. S. Johnson, D. G. Giller	R-700	19750067792	In Archive
1977	MIT’s Role in Apollo, Vol. 3: Computer Subsystem	E. C. Hall	R-700	19720063753	In Archive
1972	What Made Apollo a Success?	NASA MSC	SP-287	19720005243	In Archive
2009	Apollo GNC Hardware Overview	M. Interbartolo	—	20090016290	In Archive
2009	Apollo: Learning From the Past, For the Future	M. R. Grabois	—	20090029988	In Archive
1999	Managing the Moon Program: Lessons Learned	NASA HQ	NP-1999-6-250-HQ	19990053708	In Archive

NTRS IDs

NASA Technical Reports Server IDs can be used to locate documents at ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/{ID}/downloads/{ID}.pdf. Some older documents are citation-only on the current NTRS platform and require alternative sources (MIT Digital Apollo archive, Virtual AGC at ibiblio.org).

Letters & Popular Press

Year	Title	Publication	Status	Notes
1971	Computer Got Loaded	Datamation, March 1, 1971	In Archive	Hamilton’s first-person account of the Apollo 11 software saving the landing. Found in Datamation scan from bitsavers.org.
1971	…but the Ambivalence Lingers On	Datamation, January 1, 1971	In Archive	McCracken’s article that prompted Hamilton’s “Computer Got Loaded” response.

Oral Histories

Year	Title	Interviewer	Institution	Status
2017	Oral History of Margaret Hamilton	David C. Brock	Computer History Museum	In Archive

Secondary Sources (About Hamilton’s Work)

Year	Title	Author(s)	Publisher	Status	Source Dir
2022	A Brief Analysis of the Apollo Guidance Computer	C. Averill	arXiv: 2201.08230	In Archive	averill-2022/
2008	Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight	D. A. Mindell	MIT Press	In Archive	mindell-2008/

Smithsonian Collection (NASM.1986.0158)

Physical archive at the National Air and Space Museum. Not digitized, but documented here for reference.

Contents include Hamilton’s personal papers, photographs, and documentation from the Apollo program era. Access requires an in-person visit to the Smithsonian Archives in Washington, D.C.

Research Portals

For discovering additional publications:

• DBLP bibliography: dblp.org/pid/72/4181.html
• IEEE author profile: ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086475658
• ACM author profile: dl.acm.org/profile/81502669990
• Hamilton Technologies, Inc.: htius.com

Hamilton Technologies, Inc.

Hamilton continues her work on the Universal Systems Language and the 001 Tool Suite through Hamilton Technologies, Inc., the company she founded in 1986.

Address	17 Inman St, Cambridge, MA 02139
Phone	(617) 492-0058
Website	htius.com
Contact	Hannah Gold

Contact information verified February 2026.

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Living Document

This compendium is a living catalog. All of Hamilton’s known journal articles, conference papers, and key letters have now been acquired for the archive. Secondary sources and additional presentations continue to be added as they are identified. See Provenance & Chain of Custody for SHA-256 verification of all archived files, and Archive Methodology for how documents are identified, acquired, and processed.